Betaine Hydrochloride (Betaine HCl)

Reviewed by the HeyPsych Medical Review Board

Board-certified psychiatrists and mental health professionals

Published August 17, 2025•Updated January 9, 2026•Reviewed January 9, 2026

Indications

Primary Indications

Low stomach acid (hypochlorhydria)Supportive role in nutrient absorption (iron, B12, calcium, magnesium)Adjunctive digestive aid with protein-heavy meals

Mechanism

Betaine HCl provides hydrochloric acid, temporarily lowering gastric pH. This increase in stomach acidity supports pepsin activation, protein digestion, and solubilization of minerals and vitamins. Unlike betaine (trimethylglycine) used for homocysteine reduction, betaine HCl is targeted at digestive enhancement.

Dosing

Adult Dosing

note: Often combined with pepsin in commercial formulations

typical: 325–650 mg with meals, titrated based on tolerance and symptom relief

Dosage Forms

Capsules (commonly 325–650 mg betaine HCl)
Capsules with added pepsin

Onset Duration

Effects are acute and meal-related; typically noticeable within 15–30 minutes after ingestion.

Adverse Effects

Common Side Effects

• Heartburn

• Nausea

• GI discomfort

⚠️ Serious Side Effects

Peptic ulcer exacerbation
Esophageal damage if capsules lodge in throat

Warnings

Critical Safety Information

→Do not use with active ulcers or gastritis.
→Take only with food.
→Swallow capsules whole; do not open or dissolve.

Interactions

With: NSAIDs

Risk: Increased risk of gastric irritation/ulceration

Action: Avoid combination if possible

With: Acid-suppressing medications (PPIs, H2 blockers)

Risk: Opposing effects

Action: Avoid concurrent use

Monitoring

Gastrointestinal symptoms (burning, discomfort)
Signs of ulcer or gastritis worsening

Special Populations

👶Pregnancy

Not recommended due to lack of safety data

🤱Breastfeeding

Not recommended

👧Children & Adolescents (Under 18)

Insufficient evidence; avoid use

👴Older Adults (65+)

Higher risk of GI irritation; use cautiously

Tapering

Not required; discontinue immediately if GI irritation occurs.

Clinical Notes

No longer FDA-approved for hypochlorhydria; used as an OTC digestive aid.
Best suited for individuals with confirmed or suspected low stomach acid.
Risk of misuse is significant in those with reflux or gastritis.

References

Examine.com: Betaine HCl NIH Office of Dietary Supplements

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